MS-DRG 074Medical
Cranial and Peripheral Nerve Disorders without MCC
Major Diagnostic Category 01·Grouped by diagnosis·FY 2027
MS-DRG 074 is a Medical Medicare Severity Diagnosis Related Group under Major Diagnostic Category 01 (MDC 01) without a significant Complication or Comorbidity. It maps to 348 ICD-10-CM diagnosis codes. For FY 2027 it carries a relative weight of 1.0173 with a geometric mean length of stay of 2.9 days and an arithmetic mean of 3.7 days. Hospitals use this grouping to determine reimbursement for inpatient stays under Medicare.
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FY 2027 payment data
From Table 5 of the FY 2027 IPPS Final Rule (CMS).
- Relative weight:
- 1.0173 (payment multiplier vs. the average case (1.0))
- Geometric mean stay:
- 2.9 days (used for transfer payments)
- Average stay:
- 3.7 days (arithmetic mean)
- Post-acute transfer policy:
- No (not subject to it)
Same condition, other severity levels
CMS splits one condition into separate DRGs by how sick the patient is. With MCC pays more than with CC, which pays more than without CC/MCC.
| DRG | Title | Relative weight | Mean stay |
|---|---|---|---|
| 073 | Cranial and Peripheral Nerve Disorders with MCC | 1.5779 | 4.1 days |
| 074 | Cranial and Peripheral Nerve Disorders without MCC (this page) | 1.0173 | 2.9 days |
Diagnosis codes (348)
As the principal diagnosis, these ICD-10-CM codes can group to DRG 074. 100% of the codes listed are billable.
- B02.0Zoster encephalitis
- B02.21Postherpetic geniculate ganglionitis
- B02.22Postherpetic trigeminal neuralgia
- B02.23Postherpetic polyneuropathy
- B02.29Other postherpetic nervous system involvement
- B06.00Rubella with neurological complication, unspecified
- B26.84Mumps polyneuropathy
- E07.81Sick-euthyroid syndrome
- E08.9Diabetes mellitus due to underlying condition without complications
- E09.9Drug or chemical induced diabetes mellitus without complications
- E10.9Type 1 diabetes mellitus without complications
- E11.AType 2 diabetes mellitus without complications in remission
- G13.0Paraneoplastic neuromyopathy and neuropathy
- G13.1Other systemic atrophy primarily affecting central nervous system in neoplastic disease
- G50.0Trigeminal neuralgia
- G50.1Atypical facial pain
- G50.8Other disorders of trigeminal nerve
- G50.9Disorder of trigeminal nerve, unspecified
- G51.0Bell's palsy
- G51.1Geniculate ganglionitis
- G51.2Melkersson's syndrome
- G51.31Clonic hemifacial spasm, right
- G51.32Clonic hemifacial spasm, left
- G51.33Clonic hemifacial spasm, bilateral
- G51.39Clonic hemifacial spasm, unspecified
- G51.4Facial myokymia
- G51.8Other disorders of facial nerve
- G51.9Disorder of facial nerve, unspecified
- G52.0Disorders of olfactory nerve
- G52.1Disorders of glossopharyngeal nerve
- G52.2Disorders of vagus nerve
- G52.3Disorders of hypoglossal nerve
- G52.7Disorders of multiple cranial nerves
- G52.8Disorders of other specified cranial nerves
- G52.9Cranial nerve disorder, unspecified
- G53Cranial nerve disorders in diseases classified elsewhere
- G54.0Brachial plexus disorders
- G54.1Lumbosacral plexus disorders
- G54.2Cervical root disorders, not elsewhere classified
- G54.3Thoracic root disorders, not elsewhere classified
- G54.4Lumbosacral root disorders, not elsewhere classified
- G54.5Neuralgic amyotrophy
- G54.6Phantom limb syndrome with pain
- G54.7Phantom limb syndrome without pain
- G54.8Other nerve root and plexus disorders
- G54.9Nerve root and plexus disorder, unspecified
- G55Nerve root and plexus compressions in diseases classified elsewhere
- G56.00Carpal tunnel syndrome, unspecified upper limb
- G56.01Carpal tunnel syndrome, right upper limb
- G56.02Carpal tunnel syndrome, left upper limb
- G56.03Carpal tunnel syndrome, bilateral upper limbs
- G56.10Other lesions of median nerve, unspecified upper limb
- G56.11Other lesions of median nerve, right upper limb
- G56.12Other lesions of median nerve, left upper limb
- G56.13Other lesions of median nerve, bilateral upper limbs
- G56.20Lesion of ulnar nerve, unspecified upper limb
- G56.21Lesion of ulnar nerve, right upper limb
- G56.22Lesion of ulnar nerve, left upper limb
- G56.23Lesion of ulnar nerve, bilateral upper limbs
- G56.30Lesion of radial nerve, unspecified upper limb
- G56.31Lesion of radial nerve, right upper limb
- G56.32Lesion of radial nerve, left upper limb
- G56.33Lesion of radial nerve, bilateral upper limbs
- G56.40Causalgia of unspecified upper limb
- G56.41Causalgia of right upper limb
- G56.42Causalgia of left upper limb
- G56.43Causalgia of bilateral upper limbs
- G56.80Other specified mononeuropathies of unspecified upper limb
- G56.81Other specified mononeuropathies of right upper limb
- G56.82Other specified mononeuropathies of left upper limb
- G56.83Other specified mononeuropathies of bilateral upper limbs
- G56.90Unspecified mononeuropathy of unspecified upper limb
- G56.91Unspecified mononeuropathy of right upper limb
- G56.92Unspecified mononeuropathy of left upper limb
- G56.93Unspecified mononeuropathy of bilateral upper limbs
- G57.00Lesion of sciatic nerve, unspecified lower limb
- G57.01Lesion of sciatic nerve, right lower limb
- G57.02Lesion of sciatic nerve, left lower limb
- G57.03Lesion of sciatic nerve, bilateral lower limbs
- G57.10Meralgia paresthetica, unspecified lower limb
- G57.11Meralgia paresthetica, right lower limb
- G57.12Meralgia paresthetica, left lower limb
- G57.13Meralgia paresthetica, bilateral lower limbs
- G57.20Lesion of femoral nerve, unspecified lower limb
- G57.21Lesion of femoral nerve, right lower limb
- G57.22Lesion of femoral nerve, left lower limb
- G57.23Lesion of femoral nerve, bilateral lower limbs
- G57.30Lesion of lateral popliteal nerve, unspecified lower limb
- G57.31Lesion of lateral popliteal nerve, right lower limb
- G57.32Lesion of lateral popliteal nerve, left lower limb
- G57.33Lesion of lateral popliteal nerve, bilateral lower limbs
- G57.40Lesion of medial popliteal nerve, unspecified lower limb
- G57.41Lesion of medial popliteal nerve, right lower limb
- G57.42Lesion of medial popliteal nerve, left lower limb
- G57.43Lesion of medial popliteal nerve, bilateral lower limbs
- G57.50Tarsal tunnel syndrome, unspecified lower limb
- G57.51Tarsal tunnel syndrome, right lower limb
- G57.52Tarsal tunnel syndrome, left lower limb
- G57.53Tarsal tunnel syndrome, bilateral lower limbs
- G57.60Lesion of plantar nerve, unspecified lower limb
- G57.61Lesion of plantar nerve, right lower limb
- G57.62Lesion of plantar nerve, left lower limb
- G57.63Lesion of plantar nerve, bilateral lower limbs
- G57.70Causalgia of unspecified lower limb
- G57.71Causalgia of right lower limb
- G57.72Causalgia of left lower limb
- G57.73Causalgia of bilateral lower limbs
- G57.80Other specified mononeuropathies of unspecified lower limb
- G57.81Other specified mononeuropathies of right lower limb
- G57.82Other specified mononeuropathies of left lower limb
- G57.83Other specified mononeuropathies of bilateral lower limbs
- G57.90Unspecified mononeuropathy of unspecified lower limb
- G57.91Unspecified mononeuropathy of right lower limb
- G57.92Unspecified mononeuropathy of left lower limb
- G57.93Unspecified mononeuropathy of bilateral lower limbs
- G58.0Intercostal neuropathy
- G58.7Mononeuritis multiplex
- G58.8Other specified mononeuropathies
- G58.9Mononeuropathy, unspecified
- G59Mononeuropathy in diseases classified elsewhere
- G60.0Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy
- G60.2Neuropathy in association with hereditary ataxia
- G60.3Idiopathic progressive neuropathy
- G60.8Other hereditary and idiopathic neuropathies
- G60.9Hereditary and idiopathic neuropathy, unspecified
- G61.1Serum neuropathy
- G61.81Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuritis
- G61.82Multifocal motor neuropathy
- G61.89Other inflammatory polyneuropathies
- G61.9Inflammatory polyneuropathy, unspecified
- G62.0Drug-induced polyneuropathy
- G62.1Alcoholic polyneuropathy
- G62.2Polyneuropathy due to other toxic agents
- G62.81Critical illness polyneuropathy
- G62.82Radiation-induced polyneuropathy
- G62.89Other specified polyneuropathies
- G62.9Polyneuropathy, unspecified
- G63Polyneuropathy in diseases classified elsewhere
- G64Other disorders of peripheral nervous system
- G65.0Sequelae of Guillain-Barre syndrome
- G65.1Sequelae of other inflammatory polyneuropathy
- G65.2Sequelae of toxic polyneuropathy
- G70.1Toxic myoneural disorders
- G70.2Congenital and developmental myasthenia
- G70.89Other specified myoneural disorders
- G70.9Myoneural disorder, unspecified
- G83.4Cauda equina syndrome
- G90.01Carotid sinus syncope
- G90.09Other idiopathic peripheral autonomic neuropathy
- G90.2Horner's syndrome
- G90.4Autonomic dysreflexia
- G90.50Complex regional pain syndrome I, unspecified
- G90.511Complex regional pain syndrome I of right upper limb
- G90.512Complex regional pain syndrome I of left upper limb
- G90.513Complex regional pain syndrome I of upper limb, bilateral
- G90.519Complex regional pain syndrome I of unspecified upper limb
- G90.521Complex regional pain syndrome I of right lower limb
- G90.522Complex regional pain syndrome I of left lower limb
- G90.523Complex regional pain syndrome I of lower limb, bilateral
- G90.529Complex regional pain syndrome I of unspecified lower limb
- G90.59Complex regional pain syndrome I of other specified site
- G90.81Serotonin syndrome
- G90.89Other disorders of autonomic nervous system
- G90.9Disorder of the autonomic nervous system, unspecified
- G90.BLMNB1-related autosomal dominant leukodystrophy
- G99.0Autonomic neuropathy in diseases classified elsewhere
- M21.331Wrist drop, right wrist
- M21.332Wrist drop, left wrist
- M21.339Wrist drop, unspecified wrist
- M21.511Acquired clawhand, right hand
- M21.512Acquired clawhand, left hand
- M21.519Acquired clawhand, unspecified hand
- M21.521Acquired clubhand, right hand
- M21.522Acquired clubhand, left hand
- M21.529Acquired clubhand, unspecified hand
- M21.531Acquired clawfoot, right foot
- M21.532Acquired clawfoot, left foot
- M21.539Acquired clawfoot, unspecified foot
- M34.83Systemic sclerosis with polyneuropathy
- M53.0Cervicocranial syndrome
- M53.1Cervicobrachial syndrome
- M54.10Radiculopathy, site unspecified
- M54.11Radiculopathy, occipito-atlanto-axial region
- M54.12Radiculopathy, cervical region
- M54.13Radiculopathy, cervicothoracic region
- M54.18Radiculopathy, sacral and sacrococcygeal region
- M79.2Neuralgia and neuritis, unspecified
- S04.10XAInjury of oculomotor nerve, unspecified side, initial encounter
- S04.11XAInjury of oculomotor nerve, right side, initial encounter
- S04.12XAInjury of oculomotor nerve, left side, initial encounter
- S04.20XAInjury of trochlear nerve, unspecified side, initial encounter
- S04.21XAInjury of trochlear nerve, right side, initial encounter
- S04.22XAInjury of trochlear nerve, left side, initial encounter
- S04.30XAInjury of trigeminal nerve, unspecified side, initial encounter
- S04.31XAInjury of trigeminal nerve, right side, initial encounter
- S04.32XAInjury of trigeminal nerve, left side, initial encounter
- S04.40XAInjury of abducent nerve, unspecified side, initial encounter
- S04.41XAInjury of abducent nerve, right side, initial encounter
- S04.42XAInjury of abducent nerve, left side, initial encounter
- S04.50XAInjury of facial nerve, unspecified side, initial encounter
- S04.51XAInjury of facial nerve, right side, initial encounter
- S04.52XAInjury of facial nerve, left side, initial encounter
- S04.70XAInjury of accessory nerve, unspecified side, initial encounter
- S04.71XAInjury of accessory nerve, right side, initial encounter
- S04.72XAInjury of accessory nerve, left side, initial encounter
- S04.811AInjury of olfactory [1st ] nerve, right side, initial encounter
- S04.812AInjury of olfactory [1st ] nerve, left side, initial encounter
- S04.819AInjury of olfactory [1st ] nerve, unspecified side, initial encounter
- S04.891AInjury of other cranial nerves, right side, initial encounter
- S04.892AInjury of other cranial nerves, left side, initial encounter
- S04.899AInjury of other cranial nerves, unspecified side, initial encounter
- S04.9XXAInjury of unspecified cranial nerve, initial encounter
- S14.2XXAInjury of nerve root of cervical spine, initial encounter
- S14.3XXAInjury of brachial plexus, initial encounter
- S14.4XXAInjury of peripheral nerves of neck, initial encounter
- S14.5XXAInjury of cervical sympathetic nerves, initial encounter
- S14.8XXAInjury of other specified nerves of neck, initial encounter
- S14.9XXAInjury of unspecified nerves of neck, initial encounter
- S24.2XXAInjury of nerve root of thoracic spine, initial encounter
- S24.3XXAInjury of peripheral nerves of thorax, initial encounter
- S24.4XXAInjury of thoracic sympathetic nervous system, initial encounter
- S24.8XXAInjury of other specified nerves of thorax, initial encounter
- S24.9XXAInjury of unspecified nerve of thorax, initial encounter
- S34.21XAInjury of nerve root of lumbar spine, initial encounter
- S34.22XAInjury of nerve root of sacral spine, initial encounter
- S34.4XXAInjury of lumbosacral plexus, initial encounter
- S34.5XXAInjury of lumbar, sacral and pelvic sympathetic nerves, initial encounter
- S34.6XXAInjury of peripheral nerve(s) at abdomen, lower back and pelvis level, initial encounter
- S34.8XXAInjury of other nerves at abdomen, lower back and pelvis level, initial encounter
- S34.9XXAInjury of unspecified nerves at abdomen, lower back and pelvis level, initial encounter
- S44.00XAInjury of ulnar nerve at upper arm level, unspecified arm, initial encounter
- S44.01XAInjury of ulnar nerve at upper arm level, right arm, initial encounter
- S44.02XAInjury of ulnar nerve at upper arm level, left arm, initial encounter
- S44.10XAInjury of median nerve at upper arm level, unspecified arm, initial encounter
- S44.11XAInjury of median nerve at upper arm level, right arm, initial encounter
- S44.12XAInjury of median nerve at upper arm level, left arm, initial encounter
- S44.20XAInjury of radial nerve at upper arm level, unspecified arm, initial encounter
- S44.21XAInjury of radial nerve at upper arm level, right arm, initial encounter
- S44.22XAInjury of radial nerve at upper arm level, left arm, initial encounter
- S44.30XAInjury of axillary nerve, unspecified arm, initial encounter
- S44.31XAInjury of axillary nerve, right arm, initial encounter
- S44.32XAInjury of axillary nerve, left arm, initial encounter
- S44.40XAInjury of musculocutaneous nerve, unspecified arm, initial encounter
- S44.41XAInjury of musculocutaneous nerve, right arm, initial encounter
- S44.42XAInjury of musculocutaneous nerve, left arm, initial encounter
- S44.50XAInjury of cutaneous sensory nerve at shoulder and upper arm level, unspecified arm, initial encounter
- S44.51XAInjury of cutaneous sensory nerve at shoulder and upper arm level, right arm, initial encounter
- S44.52XAInjury of cutaneous sensory nerve at shoulder and upper arm level, left arm, initial encounter
- S44.8X1AInjury of other nerves at shoulder and upper arm level, right arm, initial encounter
- S44.8X2AInjury of other nerves at shoulder and upper arm level, left arm, initial encounter
- S44.8X9AInjury of other nerves at shoulder and upper arm level, unspecified arm, initial encounter
- S44.90XAInjury of unspecified nerve at shoulder and upper arm level, unspecified arm, initial encounter
- S44.91XAInjury of unspecified nerve at shoulder and upper arm level, right arm, initial encounter
- S44.92XAInjury of unspecified nerve at shoulder and upper arm level, left arm, initial encounter
- S54.00XAInjury of ulnar nerve at forearm level, unspecified arm, initial encounter
- S54.01XAInjury of ulnar nerve at forearm level, right arm, initial encounter
- S54.02XAInjury of ulnar nerve at forearm level, left arm, initial encounter
- S54.10XAInjury of median nerve at forearm level, unspecified arm, initial encounter
- S54.11XAInjury of median nerve at forearm level, right arm, initial encounter
- S54.12XAInjury of median nerve at forearm level, left arm, initial encounter
- S54.20XAInjury of radial nerve at forearm level, unspecified arm, initial encounter
- S54.21XAInjury of radial nerve at forearm level, right arm, initial encounter
- S54.22XAInjury of radial nerve at forearm level, left arm, initial encounter
- S54.30XAInjury of cutaneous sensory nerve at forearm level, unspecified arm, initial encounter
- S54.31XAInjury of cutaneous sensory nerve at forearm level, right arm, initial encounter
- S54.32XAInjury of cutaneous sensory nerve at forearm level, left arm, initial encounter
- S54.8X1AInjury of other nerves at forearm level, right arm, initial encounter
- S54.8X2AInjury of other nerves at forearm level, left arm, initial encounter
- S54.8X9AInjury of other nerves at forearm level, unspecified arm, initial encounter
- S54.90XAInjury of unspecified nerve at forearm level, unspecified arm, initial encounter
- S54.91XAInjury of unspecified nerve at forearm level, right arm, initial encounter
- S54.92XAInjury of unspecified nerve at forearm level, left arm, initial encounter
- S64.00XAInjury of ulnar nerve at wrist and hand level of unspecified arm, initial encounter
- S64.01XAInjury of ulnar nerve at wrist and hand level of right arm, initial encounter
- S64.02XAInjury of ulnar nerve at wrist and hand level of left arm, initial encounter
- S64.10XAInjury of median nerve at wrist and hand level of unspecified arm, initial encounter
- S64.11XAInjury of median nerve at wrist and hand level of right arm, initial encounter
- S64.12XAInjury of median nerve at wrist and hand level of left arm, initial encounter
- S64.20XAInjury of radial nerve at wrist and hand level of unspecified arm, initial encounter
- S64.21XAInjury of radial nerve at wrist and hand level of right arm, initial encounter
- S64.22XAInjury of radial nerve at wrist and hand level of left arm, initial encounter
- S64.30XAInjury of digital nerve of unspecified thumb, initial encounter
- S64.31XAInjury of digital nerve of right thumb, initial encounter
- S64.32XAInjury of digital nerve of left thumb, initial encounter
- S64.40XAInjury of digital nerve of unspecified finger, initial encounter
- S64.490AInjury of digital nerve of right index finger, initial encounter
- S64.491AInjury of digital nerve of left index finger, initial encounter
- S64.492AInjury of digital nerve of right middle finger, initial encounter
- S64.493AInjury of digital nerve of left middle finger, initial encounter
- S64.494AInjury of digital nerve of right ring finger, initial encounter
- S64.495AInjury of digital nerve of left ring finger, initial encounter
- S64.496AInjury of digital nerve of right little finger, initial encounter
- S64.497AInjury of digital nerve of left little finger, initial encounter
- S64.498AInjury of digital nerve of other finger, initial encounter
- S64.8X1AInjury of other nerves at wrist and hand level of right arm, initial encounter
- S64.8X2AInjury of other nerves at wrist and hand level of left arm, initial encounter
- S64.8X9AInjury of other nerves at wrist and hand level of unspecified arm, initial encounter
- S64.90XAInjury of unspecified nerve at wrist and hand level of unspecified arm, initial encounter
- S64.91XAInjury of unspecified nerve at wrist and hand level of right arm, initial encounter
- S64.92XAInjury of unspecified nerve at wrist and hand level of left arm, initial encounter
- S74.00XAInjury of sciatic nerve at hip and thigh level, unspecified leg, initial encounter
- S74.01XAInjury of sciatic nerve at hip and thigh level, right leg, initial encounter
- S74.02XAInjury of sciatic nerve at hip and thigh level, left leg, initial encounter
- S74.10XAInjury of femoral nerve at hip and thigh level, unspecified leg, initial encounter
- S74.11XAInjury of femoral nerve at hip and thigh level, right leg, initial encounter
- S74.12XAInjury of femoral nerve at hip and thigh level, left leg, initial encounter
- S74.20XAInjury of cutaneous sensory nerve at hip and thigh level, unspecified leg, initial encounter
- S74.21XAInjury of cutaneous sensory nerve at hip and thigh level, right leg, initial encounter
- S74.22XAInjury of cutaneous sensory nerve at hip and thigh level, left leg, initial encounter
- S74.8X1AInjury of other nerves at hip and thigh level, right leg, initial encounter
- S74.8X2AInjury of other nerves at hip and thigh level, left leg, initial encounter
- S74.8X9AInjury of other nerves at hip and thigh level, unspecified leg, initial encounter
- S74.90XAInjury of unspecified nerve at hip and thigh level, unspecified leg, initial encounter
- S74.91XAInjury of unspecified nerve at hip and thigh level, right leg, initial encounter
- S74.92XAInjury of unspecified nerve at hip and thigh level, left leg, initial encounter
- S84.00XAInjury of tibial nerve at lower leg level, unspecified leg, initial encounter
- S84.01XAInjury of tibial nerve at lower leg level, right leg, initial encounter
- S84.02XAInjury of tibial nerve at lower leg level, left leg, initial encounter
- S84.10XAInjury of peroneal nerve at lower leg level, unspecified leg, initial encounter
- S84.11XAInjury of peroneal nerve at lower leg level, right leg, initial encounter
- S84.12XAInjury of peroneal nerve at lower leg level, left leg, initial encounter
- S84.20XAInjury of cutaneous sensory nerve at lower leg level, unspecified leg, initial encounter
- S84.21XAInjury of cutaneous sensory nerve at lower leg level, right leg, initial encounter
- S84.22XAInjury of cutaneous sensory nerve at lower leg level, left leg, initial encounter
- S84.801AInjury of other nerves at lower leg level, right leg, initial encounter
- S84.802AInjury of other nerves at lower leg level, left leg, initial encounter
- S84.809AInjury of other nerves at lower leg level, unspecified leg, initial encounter
- S84.90XAInjury of unspecified nerve at lower leg level, unspecified leg, initial encounter
- S84.91XAInjury of unspecified nerve at lower leg level, right leg, initial encounter
- S84.92XAInjury of unspecified nerve at lower leg level, left leg, initial encounter
- S94.00XAInjury of lateral plantar nerve, unspecified leg, initial encounter
- S94.01XAInjury of lateral plantar nerve, right leg, initial encounter
- S94.02XAInjury of lateral plantar nerve, left leg, initial encounter
- S94.10XAInjury of medial plantar nerve, unspecified leg, initial encounter
- S94.11XAInjury of medial plantar nerve, right leg, initial encounter
- S94.12XAInjury of medial plantar nerve, left leg, initial encounter
- S94.20XAInjury of deep peroneal nerve at ankle and foot level, unspecified leg, initial encounter
- S94.21XAInjury of deep peroneal nerve at ankle and foot level, right leg, initial encounter
- S94.22XAInjury of deep peroneal nerve at ankle and foot level, left leg, initial encounter
- S94.30XAInjury of cutaneous sensory nerve at ankle and foot level, unspecified leg, initial encounter
- S94.31XAInjury of cutaneous sensory nerve at ankle and foot level, right leg, initial encounter
- S94.32XAInjury of cutaneous sensory nerve at ankle and foot level, left leg, initial encounter
- S94.8X1AInjury of other nerves at ankle and foot level, right leg, initial encounter
- S94.8X2AInjury of other nerves at ankle and foot level, left leg, initial encounter
- S94.8X9AInjury of other nerves at ankle and foot level, unspecified leg, initial encounter
- S94.90XAInjury of unspecified nerve at ankle and foot level, unspecified leg, initial encounter
- S94.91XAInjury of unspecified nerve at ankle and foot level, right leg, initial encounter
- S94.92XAInjury of unspecified nerve at ankle and foot level, left leg, initial encounter